Registration Number
Af1879,0701.1
Institution
British Museum
English designations
Salt Cellar
Categories
Contextual Objects: Benin-Portuguese Ivories
Location
Great Russell St, Bloomsbury, London WC1B 3DG, United Kingdom
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Salt Cellar
Salt Cellar
Salt Cellar
Salt Cellar
Salt Cellar
Salt Cellar

Iconographies

2 annotations
Uman-ague
Equal-armed cross

Uman-ague is a badge in the form of an equal-armed cross. The cross with straight-sided arms is known as the “Greek cross,” while the type with V-shaped arms, narrowing toward the centre, is known as the “Maltese cross.”

Uman-ague is usually worn around the neck by members of the Ewua or by the Ohensa ( ). The equal-armed cross has various meanings: as a symbol of cosmic order, it represents the number four and references the “four cardinal points established by the High God Osanobua when he created the world” (Girshick Ben-Amos 1999, p. 64), as well as the “crossroads or junction that serves as the point of connection between the natural and spiritual worlds” ( ). Paula Girshick Ben-Amos ( ) also argues that when used on the Aken'ni Elao (altar tusk), the cross, together with the Ivie okpagbaru (royal bead), constitutes an “emblematic reference” to Ọba Ẹsigie.

The cross also references the Portuguese missionaries who brought Christianity to the Kingdom during the reign of Ọba Ẹsigie, although the symbol was already in use before the arrival of Europeans ( ). The Maltese cross is thought to have been introduced by Ọba Eresonyẹn as part of his efforts to encourage the worship of the High God Osanobua during his reign ( ; ). Regardless, Uman-ague is often associated with Ọba Ẹsigie.

1 annotation
Uman-ague
Igan
Feather

Igan (feathers) are commonly depicted tucked into the headdresses and hats of chiefs represented on Emwin Arre (royal treasures). These feathers are from the Oɛɣohɔ (vulturine fish eagle) and symbolise respected old age and proper chieftaincy ( ).

1 annotation
Igan

Provenance

4 events
Production
1500 (approximate) to 1550 (approximate)
The object was produced by Unknown member(s) of the Igbesamwan guild in Benin City.
Unknown
1823 (approximate) to 1879
The object is known to have come into contact with Henry Willett, later in Brighton.
Donation
1879
The object was donated by Henry Willett to the British Museum from Brighton.
Exhibition
sometime in 1993 to sometime in 1997
The object was exhibited at London.

Institution data

British Museum
The data was transferred directly by the institution.
Last updated: 2022-08-04
Language: english
Institution fieldValue
Registration Number
object id
Af1879,0701.1
Object Name - Comment
designation
Object Name - Object Name
designation
salt-cellar (middle section)
Title
designation
Afro-Portuguese Ivories (Series)~Bini-Portuguese Ivories (Series)
Title translation
designation
Title type
designation
Object History Note / Acquisition Note
description
provenance
notes
Physical description
description
Saltcellar, middle section; made of elephant ivory. Alternating pairs of Portuguese figures with aquiline noses and beards. Static front-facing figures dressed in patterned long-sleeved tunics and caps with feather. Hold spears in right hand and swords in left. Wear beaded necklaces with cross. Dynamic three-quarter view figures wear caps, long-sleeved patterned tunics and pleated skirts. Hold swords in left hand and circular shields in right. Saltcellar has hollow bowl at top; base is hollowed with raised circular element within.
Material
material
elephant ivory
Material - Comment
material
Dimension
dimensions
Dimension comment
dimensions
Dimension measurement unit
dimensions
Dimension note
dimensions
Dimension value
dimensions
Height: 10.00 cm~Width: 8.30 cm~Depth: 8.30 cm
Dimension value end
dimensions
Inscription - Note
inscriptions
Inscription - Quoted
inscriptions
Inscription language
inscriptions
Inscription position
inscriptions
Inscription translation
inscriptions
Inscription type
inscriptions
Production date
date made
1525-1600 (circa)
Production date - Comment
date made
Producer/Artist - Association
producer
Producer/Artist - Name
producer
Technique
production technique
carved
Technique - Comment
production technique
Production place
production place
Made in: Nigeria (?)
Production place - Association
production place
Production place - Comment
production place
Production place - Site details
production place
Previous owner - Association
prior source
Previous owner - Comment
prior source
Previous owner - Name
prior source
Acquisition Funding Source Name
provenance
Acquisition Funding Source Name Association
provenance
Acquisition Funding Source Name Comment
provenance
Acquisition Name
provenance
Henry Willett
Acquisition Name Association
provenance
Acquisition Name Comment
provenance
Excavation/Field Collection Note
provenance
Excavator/Field collector - Association
provenance
Excavator/Field collector - Name
provenance
Associated event - Association
event
Associated event - Event
event
Associated place
place collected
Associated place - Association
place collected
Findspot - Association
place collected
Findspot - Comment
place collected
Findspot - Place
place collected
Findspot - Site details
place collected
Associated name - Association
reign associated name
Associated name - Comment
reign associated name
Associated name - Name
reign associated name
Associated ethnic name - Association
ethnic attribution
Associated ethnic name - Ethnic Name
ethnic attribution
Production ethnic name - Association
ethnic attribution
Production ethnic name - Comment
ethnic attribution
Production ethnic name - Ethnic Name
ethnic attribution
Edo (?)
Responsible department
department and institution
Comment
notes
This saltcellar section was possibly made by an artist/in a workshop associated with the work of the so-called 'Master of the Heraldic Ship'. Salt cellars from the latter artist are recorded in the collections of the British Museum (Af 1878,1101.48.a-c); the Museum für Völkerkunde, Berlin (lost/destroyed); and the National Museums of Scotland, Edinburgh (A.1956.1155). By ekilgallon 30 Nov 2015
Exhibitions Loans and Displays - Current and Past
exhibition history
Bibliographic reference - Citation
bibliography
Bibliographic reference - Comment
bibliography
Bibliographic reference - Reference
bibliography
Bassani 2001: Cat. no. 795. p. 256~Bassani & Fagg 1988: Cat. no. 118; pp. 180-181; fig. 241; p. 239~Fagg 1959: pl. 12,13.
Condition
condition
BM/Big No - Number
BM/Big No - Prefix
BM/Big No - item
Collection
DAMS Asset - Number
Other number
Other number - Comment
Other number type
PRN
EAF13928
School/Style
Afro-Portuguese Style
Subject - Comment
Subject - Subject
European
calc acquisition link.spec acquisition date text
Sensitive Content

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